New Delhi: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a global health concern, and its impact on India, a country with a substantial population burden, is particularly significant. This article delves into the prevalence of CKD among both children and adults in India, highlighting the underlying factors and the implications for public health. Diabetes and hypertension currently account for 40-60% of all CKD cases in India. The prevalence of CKD in the adult population is between 20-30%. The frequency is around 5% among those aged 5 to 20. There are various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for developing CKD in adults and children.
In an interaction with News9Live, Dr Srinivas Mahesh Prasad, Consultant – Nephrology, Fortis Hospital, Nagarbhavi Road, called CKD a concern in children and a silent epidemic in adults.
CKD in Children: A Growing Concern
While often overlooked, CKD in children is a serious issue. The exact prevalence in India is still being determined due to limited data and varying diagnostic practices across the country. However, emerging studies indicate a higher incidence than previously thought, particularly in regions with high rates of poverty and malnutrition. Congenital anomalies, genetic disorders, and infections are common causes of childhood CKD. The long-term consequences, including growth retardation, developmental delays, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease, underscore the urgency of early detection and intervention.
According to UNICEF data, 28% of children born with low birth weight (<2.5 kg) can lead to smaller kidney volume and lower eGFR. Additionally, consanguinity increases the risk of kidney and urinary tract anomalies, while environmental factors like poor sanitation, pollution, and exposure to nephrotoxins (including heavy metals and plant toxins) can cause glomerular and interstitial kidney diseases, highlighting the need for addressing these risk factors to prevent kidney problems.
CKD in Adults: A Silent Epidemic
The prevalence of CKD among Indian adults is alarming. Risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and unhealthy lifestyles are rampant, contributing to the escalating burden of the disease. Studies have shown a wide range of CKD prevalence rates across different regions of India, with some areas reporting significantly higher figures. This disparity highlights the need for targeted interventions based on regional variations in risk factors and access to healthcare. India’s socio-economic landscape plays a crucial role in the prevalence of CKD. Poverty, lack of awareness, and limited access to healthcare facilities hinder early detection and management. Rural populations are particularly vulnerable due to poor sanitation, contaminated water sources, and inadequate awareness. Additionally, environmental factors, such as exposure to heavy metals and industrial pollutants, can contribute to kidney damage.
The high prevalence of CKD in India poses a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Dialysis and kidney transplantation, while life-saving, are expensive and often inaccessible to a large segment of the population. Moreover, CKD is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, leading to a significant economic impact on individuals, families, and the nation. Addressing CKD requires a multi-faceted approach involving prevention, early detection, and affordable treatment options. While progress has been made in raising awareness and improving care, there is a need for sustained efforts to address the underlying causes, strengthen healthcare systems, and implement effective prevention strategies. By investing in research, education, and community-based programs, India can mitigate the impact of CKD and improve the quality of life for affected individuals.
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