New Delhi: When sniffles, coughs, and fevers strike, the first assumption is often a common cold. But it can be something more. Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a lesser-known yet increasingly recognized respiratory virus that mimics the symptoms of a cold but can lead to more serious complications, particularly in children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. Differentiating between a cold and HMPV is crucial for timely intervention and effective treatment, as overlooking the signs could lead to respiratory distress or secondary infections.
Dr Raj Kumar, Consultant- Internal Medicine, Indian Spinal Injuries Centre, shared tips on identifying the differences between a cold and HMPV.
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus first identified in 2001. It belongs to the same viral family as RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus). It can cause various illnesses, from mild cold-like symptoms to severe lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis or pneumonia.
How do HMPV and Common Colds spread?
Recovery from HMPV can be commonly observed in the case of most individuals. However, HMPV can become a serious threat to young children and seniors above the age of 65. It is highly contagious and can spread through several means:
- Inhaling Contaminated Droplets: The infection can enter the body when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, around a healthy individual, releasing contaminated and infected droplets from their respiratory system into the air.
- Physical Contact: Direct and physical contact with an infected individual can transmit the virus, like the way that many communicable diseases spread. One is more prone if they touch their face, eyes, or mouth afterward contacting an infected person.
- Infected Surfaces: HMPV can survive on various surfaces which can be household items to personal belongings. Touching contaminated items like doorknobs or smartphones can increase the risk of developing the infection.
Differences in Common Cold and HMPV:
Common cold: A common cold usually starts 2 to 3 days after the virus enters the body, and the symptoms remain for several days. It can spread to any demographic and all age groups.
The symptoms of the common cold are
- A runny or blocked nose
- Sore throat
- Coughing
- Sneezing
- Slight body aches
- Mild headache
- Low-grade fever
A fever is uncommon and usually is mild. A common cold is mostly dry, and less mucus is generated. The common cold may lead to secondary infections, commonly bacterial–sinus infections.
HMPV: Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) can cause upper and lower respiratory disease in people of all ages, especially young children and elders.
The symptoms of HMPV can extend from:
- Persistent severe cough
- High-grade fever
- Shortness of breath
- Wheezing
- Loss of appetite (particularly in children)
- Difficulty breathing (in severe cases)
- Pneumonia
- Bronchiolitis
HMPV may produce more mucus and tends to be severe and persistent. It has a higher potential of causing further complications, especially respiratory. Symptoms often last longer than a typical cold and may worsen over time.
Diagnosis: How to Know It’s HMPV
While a cold is typically diagnosed based on symptoms, confirming HMPV requires specific diagnostic tests, such as:
- Nasopharyngeal swab tests.
- PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) testing to identify the virus.
- Chest X-rays in cases where severe respiratory symptoms are present.
Prevention of Cold and HMPV:
Preventing colds and Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) starts with good hygiene. Wash hands regularly with soap for at least 20 seconds and avoid touching your face, especially your eyes, nose, and mouth. Disinfect frequently touched surfaces like door handles and mobile phones. Avoid close contact with sick individuals, and practice respiratory etiquette by covering your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Wear masks in crowded spaces during peak seasons. Strengthen immunity with a healthy diet, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep. High-risk individuals, like children, seniors, or those with weak immune systems, should seek medical advice if symptoms worsen. Simple steps can go a long way in protecting yourself and others.
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